Dry itchy skin: Know causes and how to prevent it

Do you often find yourself constantly scratching your skin because it feels dry and uncomfortable? Dry, itchy skin is a common issue that can make your skin look scaly and cracked. This problem can be caused by environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and skin disorders like psoriasis. The good news is that there are home remedies and over-the-counter medications that can provide relief. Understanding the root causes of dry, itchy skin and using these simple home remedies can help you get instant relief.

What is dry skin?

Dry skin, also known as xerosis, is characterised by rough, scaly, and itchy skin. It occurs because of disruption in the functioning of the stratum corneum (the most superficial layer of the skin). There is an alteration of the lipid composition of this layer with epidermal differentiation and dehydration, which leads to disrupted skin barrier function and a reduction of natural moisturising factors (NMFs) within the skin, as found in a study published in the journal Allergology International. This condition can cause unsightliness of the skin, discomfort, itching, and can hurt wound healing. It may aggravate the severity of other skin disorders, including inflammatory skin conditions, and can have a bearing on the overall quality of life of a patient.

What are the causes of dry itchy skin?

Here are some common causes of dry itchy skin that you should know:

1. Contact dermatitis

Contact dermatitis also known as contact eczema is a skin condition caused by an allergic or irritant reaction to substances that come into contact with the skin, as found in a study published in StatPearls. “When a person with contact dermatitis touches an allergen or irritant, their immune system reacts, causing inflammation and irritation. This inflammation can lead to dry, itchy skin, often accompanied by redness, swelling, and sometimes blisters, says dermatologist and cosmetologist Dr Sowmya M. Common allergens and irritants that can cause contact dermatitis include:

• Nickel: Found in jewellery, coins, and some clothing fasteners.
• Fragrances: Present in many products, including soaps, perfumes, and lotions.
  Irritants: Harsh chemicals, soaps, detergents, and solvents.
• Latex: Found in gloves, balloons, and other products.

When a person with contact dermatitis comes into contact with one of these substances, their skin becomes inflamed and dry. This can lead to intense itching, discomfort, and sometimes even cracking or peeling of the skin.

2. Atopic eczema

Atopic eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition that often causes dry, itchy skin. This condition is characterised by patches of red, inflamed skin that may be crusty, scaly, or oozing, as found in a study published in The Journal of the American Medical Association. The exact cause of atopic eczema is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. People with atopic eczema are more sensitive to irritants and allergens, which can trigger flare-ups and worsen the dryness and itchiness of their skin. The constant scratching associated with atopic eczema can further damage the protective barrier of the skin, leading to a vicious cycle of dryness, itching, and inflammation.

3. Seborrheic dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin condition characterised by patches of red, scaly skin. It often affects areas with a high concentration of oil glands, such as the scalp, face, and chest. While the exact cause is unknown, it is believed to be related to an overgrowth of a type of yeast called Malassezia. This yeast feeds on the natural oils produced by the skin, leading to inflammation and scaling, as found in a study published in StatPearls. The excessive scaling and dryness caused by seborrheic dermatitis can result in intense itching and discomfort. In severe cases, the condition may also affect the eyebrows, eyelids, and behind the ears.

4. Psoriasis

“Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that causes the skin to grow too quickly. This rapid growth leads to the buildup of thick, scaly patches. These patches can be itchy, painful, and sometimes even embarrassing. The excessive skin growth in psoriasis also disrupts the natural barrier of your skin, leading to dryness and irritation,” says Dr Sowmya. The dryness can intensify the itchiness and make the condition even more uncomfortable. Additionally, people with psoriasis may be more susceptible to infections due to cracks in the skin, further contributing to dryness and discomfort.

5. Environmental factors

“Environmental factors play a significant role in causing dry, itchy skin. Cold, dry climates can significantly contribute to skin dryness, as the low humidity strips the skin of moisture. Central heating and air conditioning can also reduce indoor humidity, further drying out the skin. Excessive sun exposure can damage the protective barrier of the skin, leading to dryness and irritation,” says dermatologist Dr Nitu. Additionally, exposure to certain chemicals and irritants, such as harsh soaps, detergents, and solvents, can also contribute to dry, itchy skin.

6. Lifestyle factors

Lifestyle factors can significantly contribute to dry and itchy skin. “Frequent bathing or showering, especially with hot water, can strip the skin of its natural oils, leading to dryness. Using harsh soaps and detergents can further irritate the skin and remove essential moisture. Certain medications, such as diuretics, corticosteroids, and retinoids, can also cause dry skin as a side effect,” says Dr Nitu. Additionally, neglecting to moisturise the skin regularly can contribute to dryness and itchiness.

How to prevent dry itchy skin?

Here are some easy and effective ways to prevent itchy skin as explained by Dr Sowmya.

1. Moisturise regularly

This is the cornerstone of preventing dry skin. Apply a gentle, fragrance-free moisturiser immediately after bathing or showering while your skin is still damp. Look for moisturisers containing ingredients like glycerin, urea, or ceramides, which help to lock in moisture.

2. Limit bath time and temperature

Prolonged hot showers or baths can strip the skin of its natural oils. Aim for shorter, lukewarm baths or showers. Consider using a gentle cleanser that won’t irritate your skin.

3. Protect your skin from environmental factors

When going outside, especially in cold, dry weather or during sunny days, use a moisturiser with SPF. This will protect your skin from harmful UV rays and help prevent dryness.

4. Avoid irritants and allergens

Identify any substances that might be irritating your skin and avoid them. This could include harsh soaps, detergents, fragrances, or certain fabrics. Patch testing can help you identify potential allergens.

5. Stay hydrated

Drinking plenty of water helps to keep your skin hydrated from the inside out. Aim for drinking at least 8 glasses of water per day to hydrate your skin.

6. Consider humidifiers

If you live in a dry climate, using a humidifier can help add moisture to the air, which can benefit your skin. You can also ask your healthcare provider if using a humidifier is good for your skin or not.

How to treat dry itchy skin?

Here are some natural ways to treat dry itchy skin, as suggested by Dr Nitu.

1. Improve lifestyle factors

• Drink sufficient water.
• Eat a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables and a high amount of protein, fibre, and probiotics.
• Avoid smoking, alcohol consumption, and direct exposure to sunlight for prolonged periods.
• Regular moderate exercise or meditation to maintain a healthy mind and body.
• For daily hygiene, use soaps that have an acid pH and contain moisturisers.
• After bathing in lukewarm or cold water, immediately apply a copious amount of moisturiser that prevents evaporation of water from the surface of the skin.
• Avoid friction caused by vigorous rubbing with sponges or bath gloves.

2. Wear comfortable clothing

• Wear loose, soft hypoallergenic fabrics, preferably cotton.
• You should avoid synthetic and woollen clothes that irritate the skin. Restrict the use of fragrant lotions, colognes, perfumes, or similar products that contain alcohol.
• Wear protective gear to avoid getting skin dry and itchy if you are exposed to certain chemicals.

These changes may help you get instant relief from dry itchy skin.

Natural remedies to treat dry itchy skin

1. Oatmeal baths

Ingredients:

• 1 cup rolled oats
• A cheesecloth or fine-mesh strainer

Method:

• Place the rolled oats in a blender or food processor and grind them into a fine powder.
• Fill your bathtub with warm water.
• Pour the ground oats into the cheesecloth or strainer and tie it securely. Place the bag in the bathtub and allow the oatmeal to infuse into the water.
• Soak in the oatmeal bath for 15-20 minutes.
• After soaking, gently pat your skin dry with a soft towel.

Also Read: Oatmeal can give you clear, radiant skin

2. Coconut oil

Apply a small amount of coconut oil directly to the affected areas and gently massage it into the skin. You can use it as a moisturiser day or night.

3. Aloe vera gel

Gently apply the aloe vera gel directly to the dry, itchy areas of your skin. Massage it in until it’s fully absorbed. Allow the gel to dry naturally before applying any other products.

4. Shea butter

Ingredients:

• 1/4 cup shea butter
• 1/4 cup coconut oil
• 2 tablespoons beeswax
• 1 teaspoon vitamin E oil
• Essential oil of your choice (optional)

Method:

• In a double boiler or a heat-safe bowl set over a saucepan of simmering water, melt the shea butter, coconut oil, and beeswax together, stirring occasionally.
• Once the ingredients are completely melted, remove the bowl from the heat and stir in the vitamin E oil.
• If desired, add a few drops of your favorite essential oil for fragrance.
• Pour the mixture into a clean jar or container.
• Allow the cream to cool completely before using.

How to use:

• Apply a small amount of the shea butter cream to your dry, itchy skin and massage it in gently.
• You can use this cream as a daily moisturiser.

Things to keep in mind!

• Avoid home remedies if you have allergies to coconut, or oatmeal, or if there is no improvement in the condition despite using the same.
• Seek professional help if dryness is associated with co-morbidities like diabetes, chronic renal failure, or thyroid disorders and if dryness is associated with other dermatological conditions like eczema, psoriasis, ichthyosis, or any psychiatric disorders.
• Patients undergoing radiation therapy or any medical treatment should consult a professional before starting natural therapy for dryness.
• If there has been dryness of the skin since birth or if there is a similar history in family members, thorough investigations should be done to rule out genetic disorders.